Surface water refers to any bodies of water that are above ground, such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. This research area focuses on studying the quality, quantity, distribution, and movement of surface water in order to better understand how it interacts with the environment and impacts ecosystems, human populations, and infrastructure. Researchers in this field may investigate topics such as water pollution, flood management, water resource management, and the effects of climate change on surface water systems. The study of surface water is crucial for ensuring the sustainable use and management of water resources for both current and future generations.